Underwater archaeology leads the way to old civilizations

HANOI — Treasures sinking in the seabed for centuries reveal much information about the civilizations in the past. Archaeologists salvaged them from the shipwrecks and now show the public the important position of Vietnam in the map of Maritime Silk Road.

"The Maritime Secrets Revealed from Ancient Ships" exhibition is showcasing more than 500 objects collected from shipwrecks in Vietnam’s territorial waters from the 15th–18th centuries.

The Vietnam National Museum of History hosts the five-month exhibition until May 18. Since its opening, the exhibition, the first of its kind in the country, has attracted many visitors and researchers as this is the biggest exhibition of shipwrecks held so far.

Underwater treasures

In Vietnam, from the early time of Dong Son, Sa Huynh and Oc Eo cultures (more than 2,000 years BC), the people started to use maritime routes for trading activities, according to Nguyen Van Cuong, director of the museum.

The Maritime Silk Road originated in China, crossing the Indochinese Peninsula and tended to the Arabian Peninsula. It ended at Europe. Vietnam lies on the strategic position of the route with various port, serving as transshipment and stopover locations for merchant ships.

Cuong stressed that many shipwrecks in the Vietnamese seas hide mysteries of different civilizations of the world.

The original and unique artifacts at the exhibition just reveals a small part of the secrets on the seabed, he said.

The exhibition is divided into four areas featuring Vietnamese seas and maritime trade; Vietnamese ceramics; the Maritime Silk Road; and ships excavated from Vietnam’s seabeds.

The first shipwreck was discovered and excavated at Hon Cau region (Ba Ria-Vung Tau province) in 1990. Since then, about 10 excavations have been implemented scouring ancient ships found in the waters near Binh Thuan province, Hon Dam (Kien Giang province), Binh Chau (Quang Ngai province), and Cu Lao Cham (Quang Nam province).

With 240,000 valuable artifacts found, the Cu Lao Cham shipwreck became the biggest discovery of the archaeologists. The ancient ship was excavated from 1997 to 2000.

The most noteworthy thing is that scientists excavated remains of 11 people on board. The exhibition displays a skull of a woman aged about 20 and her ruby ring.

When it was discovered, the ship sank at the depth of 70-72 m below the sea level. The remaining part of the ship is 29.4 m long and 7.2 m wide.

Different objects were found including ceramics, bronze objects, metal kitchenware, Chinese coins, mortars, spices, seeds and belongings of the crew.

Ceramics discovered on the Cu Lao Cham shipwreck varied in types, glazes and decorative patterns. They had blue, celadon, white, brown and multi-coloured glaze. They had special features of Vietnamese ceramics in the 15th century, different from characteristics of Chinese ceramics at that time.

“The decorative patterns with diverse themes proved the creativity, artistic and technical skills of the then artisans,” said Cuong.

In an ancient ship found near Binh Thuan (excavated in 2001-2002), archaeologists obtained more than 60,000 artefacts, most of which were blue and white ceramics, as well as a significant amount of coloured porcelain. The ship was at the depth of 39-40 m. It was 23.4 m in length and 7.2 m in width.

“The scientists acknowledged the similarity of ceramics on the Binh Thuan ship and Witte Leeuw (the Dutch ship sank in 1613 in a fight with a Portuguese one while trading goods from Asia),” Cuong said.

“This suggested that the Binh Thuan ship may be one among the number of Chinese ships carrying ceramics to export to the East India Company,” he said.

At the archaeological site near Hon Dam, about 16,000 Thai pottery artifacts were found buried in sand. Scientists have also unearthed brown and ivory-glazed ceramics as well as antiques made from copper. They identified that the Thai ceramics were produced in the Suphanburi and Sawankhalok kilns in Thailand in the 15th century.

An ancient ship found near Ca Mau was excavated at a depth of 35 m. People found 130,000 objects originated from China. Themes of decorative patterns on these objects are rich with Chinese tradition and followed European requests for products types. The ceramics presented mould carving technique, engraving and drawing under or over glaze and a combination of different techniques.

“The excavations have provided us priceless materials and objects, giving new insight into underwater archaeology,” Cuong said.

"The exhibition brings much emotion for visitors with precious artifacts. It’s a rare chance to discover mysteries of the seabed.”

Underwater archaeology finds the way

Bui Minh Tri, director of the Centre for Royal Citadel Studies, said underwater archaeology leads a new way to discover the history.

“The artifacts have been preserved well underwater, they are not mixed with each other at different historical periods like the artifacts underground,” he said.

“The findings of the underwater excavations bring great values in term of art, history and society.”

Tri is excited to talk about ceramics produced in the 15th century. He highly appreciated the talented skill of the artisans.

“The division of labour was very clear, some artisans were in charge of burning ceramics, others were responsible to paint. They used brushes to sketch the patterns and paint difficult colours on the ceramics, then burned them again at 1,200 degrees Celsius.”

“The patterns illustrated lively the social life. For example, a couple of birds symbolised spring and happiness, a peony symbolized aristocracy and noble women.”

It’s amazing to contemplate beautiful ceramics ranged from 3cm-high porcelain vases to 56cm pottery jars with swan patterns, which has been recognised as a National Treasure in 2012. But they have had a long journey to be salvaged from the seabed to the museum.

The process is difficult beyond words, said archaeologist Nguyen Dinh Chien who directly took part in the excavations of the shipwrecks. 

“Vietnamese underwater archaeology started in 1997, we soon realized that the work was so difficult and required much more money than any other excavations underground,” he said.

“We were trained in underground archaeology. We began approaching underwater archaeology with the help of foreign specialists, then we had a chance to join short-term courses and conferences abroad to self-study.”

Underwater excavations are also costly. For example, the excavation of the Ca Mau shipwreck costs US$1 million.

“At the depth of 30 m, divers can approach the Ca Mau shipwreck. Meanwhile for the site at the depth of 70 m like Cu Lao Cham shipwreck, it took US$6 million for using modern equipment.”

Chien revealed that the national budget couldn’t afford such an amount of money for archaeology. The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism called for sponsorship and investment from foreign partners and domestic enterprises. Then a part of the collected artifacts would be auctioned and some benefits would go to the investors.

The obstacles led to the loss of precious artifacts. When the archaeologists found the Ca Mau shipwreck, they collected 60,000 objects. Then the artifacts that were seized from illegal excavators and traffickers increased the total number of artifacts to 130,000. The number of trafficked artifacts proved the necessity of protecting the shipwreck site.

According to Chien the Vietnamese sea territory hides a huge potential of shipwrecks but once the site is found, it needs to be protected.

“We have to spend money to circle around the shipwreck to protect the site, then a large number of divers and devices will be used to excavate,” said Chien.

“When the artifacts are salvaged, we would have to research and build up scientific documents for them then organize exhibits.”

Chien suggested that the experts should build up scientific documents for the artefacts then digitalise them to preserve and exhibit.

“We have published a book called Ceramics Found in the Shipwrecks some years ago, it’s a good work to bring the shipwreck legacy closer to the public,” he said.

“It’s a regret that many artifacts collected from the Ca Mau shipwreck are still preserved at the Ca Mau Provincial Museum, so people don’t have a chance to contemplate them at the exhibition.”

Chien recommended that the museums should enhance to the connection and co-operation.

Russian historian Yuri Kutyrev visited the exhibition and hailed that the artifacts were very beautiful and fantastic, reflecting the talent of Vietnamese artisans as well as the development of pottery making.

“The situation of trafficked artifacts happens everywhere, not only in Vietnam but shipwreck still needs to be excavated to show the people, it’s the history.”

Source: https://www.chinadailyhk.com/articles/15/140/145/1551603609647.html